Yanis, a fourth-grader, does not sleep well and wakes up often during the night. Applying the results of the study by Sadeh and colleagues (2002), we can expect that Yanis will show __________.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. A mother picks up her infant when he cries, which then stops his crying, thereby reducing the mother's levelof annoyance

b. A father picks up his infant when she cries, thereby increasing the likelihood that she will cry to be picked up again in the future. c. A grandmother gives her granddaughter a "time out" when she misbehaves, thereby leading thegranddaughter to calm down. d. A grandfather gives his grandson $10 for every "A" on his report card, thereby strengthening his grandson'sstudy habits. e. A caregiver removes a child from the "block play center" when he is throwing blocks, thereby causing himto cry.

Scientific reasoning __________

A) skills are developed in a nonsequential fashion B) results from an abrupt, stagewise change C) develops gradually out of many specific experiences D) is not influenced by years of schooling