Refer to Table 8-18. What is real GDP in 2016, using 2011 as the base year?

The Effect of State and Local Government Spending on GDP

What will be an ideal response?

Stanley Engerman's (1971) work on the economic impact of the Civil War (1861–1865) refuted a view sometimes called the Beard-Hacker thesis. This thesis holds that

(a) the Civil War (1861–1865) held back the ongoing processes of industrialization. (b) the Civil War (1861–1865) accelerated the ongoing processes of industrialization. (c) the Civil War (1861–1865)'s demands for manufactured goods increased American long-term dependency on foreign trade. (d) the Civil War (1861–1865) was more disruptive of the "westward movement" than it was of ongoing processes of industrialization.