The decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviors such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise, and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution, is referred to as _________

To encourage their students to read more books, the fifth-grade teachers in an elementary school give a wooden bead to each student who finishes a book and submits a report about it. Every Friday, the class with the most beads exchanges their beads for a pizza party. Which Skinnerian method are the teachers using?

a) Aversive conditioning b) Shaping c) Satiation d) Token economy

Studies of the mechanism of action of the amphetamines have focused mainly on

A. serotonin and the endorphins. B. GABA and glutamate. C. nicotinic receptors. D. release of norepinephrine and dopamine.