By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the ______

When the fMRI technique is used in studying language comprehension,

a. both the left and the right hemisphere are active, though their functions are somewhat different. b. people's responses occur so quickly that the fMRI is not especially useful. c. the results reveal that people who have experienced strokes show remarkably normal patterns of brain activity. d. the results reinforce the conclusion that language tasks are handled exclusively by the left hemisphere.

The main consequence of partial reinforcement is

(a) it works better (b) it proves Darwin was right (c) it makes the response resistant to extinction (d) extinction comes far too easily