Not only the size of the population, but also its geographic distribution affect the nature of a society

What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?

a. Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems. b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance. c. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be constitutional unless an applicant can demonstrate that race affected the admissions decision. d. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole. e. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

Which of the following statements about the conditions of African Americans in the United States today is LEAST accurate?

A. African American convicts are more likely than white convicts to be sentenced to death for their crimes. B. As indicated by the election of Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012, the number of national political offices held by African Americans is roughly commensurate to their percentage of the general population. C. Despite the end of legally sanctioned segregation, residential segregation still exists for many African Americans. D. The average African American family's household income is roughly two-thirds that of the average white American family. E. African American citizens are more likely than white citizens to be convicted of a crime.