Which of the following is not a guideline provided by the general framework of collaborative problem-solving?

A) Focus on interests, not positions
B) Invent options for mutual gains
C) Separate the people from the problem
D) Clarify the differences between individuals' goals

Answer: D
Explanation: A) Incorrect. Focusing on interests, not positions, actually is a part of the guidelines. Positions are demands or assertions; interests constitute the reasons behind the demands. Experience shows that it is easier to establish agreement on interests, given that they tend to be broader and multifaceted.
B) Incorrect. Inventing options for mutual gains actually is a part of the guidelines. By focusing both parties' attention on brainstorming novel, mutually agreeable solutions, the interpersonal dynamics naturally shift from competitive to collaborative.
C) Incorrect. Separating people from problems actually is a part of the guidelines. Interpersonal confrontations are more likely to result in mutual satisfaction if the parties depersonalize their disagreement and suppress their desires for revenge or one-upmanship. In other words, each participant should view the other party as the advocate of a point of view, not as a rival.
D) Correct. Clarifying differences between individuals' goals is not the critical part of conflict management. Rather, participants should focus on establishing overarching shared goals. Starting with shared goals sensitizes the parties to the mutual benefits of resolving their differences.