Why, according to realists, is international cooperation difficult to achieve, even under advantageous circumstances?
a. because states are sensitive to the relative gains of others
b. because states in a realist world value only absolute gains
c. because no one benefits from cooperation in a realist world
d. because cooperation leaves states vulnerable to the predatory instincts of other states
e. because the benefits of cooperation fall disproportionately to the most powerful states in the system, so weak states will never cooperate
Answer: a
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