______ is a theory advanced by criminologists that harsh penalties will prevent people from committing crimes.

As a result of her refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger, Rosa Parks was

a. arrested but eventually cleared of all charges against her in court. b. arrested and given a lengthy prison sentence. c. arrested and required to pay a fine. d. arrested and required to perform numerous hours of community service. e. arrested and died in prison.

What was the practical purpose for publication of The Federalist essays in 1788?

a. strongly objected to ratification and enactment of the new constitution. b. were opposed to a strong central government. c. were in favor of a strong central government and for ratification of the new constitution. d. favored states’ rights and were opposed to any form of national government. e. favored a central government only if the states were given veto powers over the central government.