__________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer
A) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
B) Money; receiving an A+
C) Water; food
D) A gold star; cupcake
Answer: A
Rationale: Primary reinforcers consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs, such as food, water, and shelter. On the other hand, many stimuli that we find reinforcing, such as money or grades, are reinforcing only after we first learn that they have value. Secondary reinforcers consist of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their value through learning. In this example, eating a cupcake is intrinsically rewarding, but a certificate of achievement only acts a reward because people learn to value it as a sign of accomplishment.
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