A difference that is produced only by an expectation of an effect
A) is impossible in experimental designs.
B) is a placebo effect.
C) is routine in experimental designs.
D) cannot be controlled, but it is rarely a significant problem.
Answer: B
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Which of the following is consistent with the mandate theory of elections?
a. the idea that voter turnout is higher when citizens are required to vote and are fined if they fail to do so b. the belief that a functional democracy mandates electoral participation by a large number of voters c. Mitt Romney's claim that Obama won the 2012 presidential election because he had given gifts to various constituency groups d. Barack Obama's claim that his victory in 2012 means that the public wants to raise taxes on the wealthy
"The process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or controversy" is a definition for which of the following terms?
a. signaling b. objective journalism c. framing d. empirical evaluation e. sound bites