The costs which can be avoided if we alter our decisions or choices are referred to as:

Which of the following is a tool the Fed uses to adjust the quantity of money?

i. The Fed can change the interest rate banks charge for loans to their prime customers. ii. The Fed can change the discount rate on loans to banks. iii. The Fed can buy or sell government securities. A) i only B) ii only C) iii only D) i and iii E) ii and iii

In 2008, the Fed created a new policy tool called

A) federal funds zero-rate, which required the Fed to lower the rate to near zero percent. B) open market operations, which required the Fed to buy securities from only the federal government. C) quantitative easing, which required the Fed to pay interest on required reserves. D) interest rate reductions, which allowed the Fed to lower interest rates paid to banks. E) quantitative easing, which allowed the Fed to buy private securities as well as government securities.