A researcher is studying the attitudes of liberals and determines that one characteristic of liberals is support for abortion rights. Joe describes himself as a liberal so the researcher concludes that Joe supports abortion rights. This is an example of ______________________.

Which of the following is an example of a "rally event" as it relates to public approval of the president?

a. George H. W. Bush's reelection after the Gulf War b. Richard Nixon's approval ratings during Watergate c. George W. Bush's surge in popularity after the 9/11 terrorist attacks d. Ronald Reagan's decision to seek a second term

According to its proponents, which of the following is a benefit of the proposed national sales tax?

a. Higher-income people would receive a rebate check at the beginning of each month to put toward their retirement. b. Those involved in illegal business activities would make a greater contribution to the legitimate economy through spending. c. The sales tax would, by its nature, be flat. d. The tax would be modestly progressive.