The participation paradox is the idea that

a. elected officials continue to vote even though they are virtually assured of re-election.
b. voters continue to support one party or the other even when they have been "let down" by their party previously.
c. people continue to vote even though one vote is extremely unlikely to sway an election.
d. people continue to involve themselves in activities of interest groups.
e. education, age, income, etc. don't have an impact on voting behavior in spite of political scientists' expectations.

C