Which of the following is true of biased test items?
a. Items believed to be biased rarely are biased.
b. Apparently biased test items actually decrease test score differences.
c. Elimination of biased items does not eliminate test score differences.
d. It is impossible to eliminate bias because every item is, in some way, biased.
c
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What will be an ideal response?
The last part of Chapter 12 noted that researchers such as Kahneman and Tversky are pessimistic about our decision-making skills, whereas researchers such as Gigerenzer are more optimistic. The optimists emphasize that
a. the pessimists focused too much on real-life examples; in the laboratory, people are actually quite accurate. b. the major decision-making heuristics are actually highly accurate, and they almost always lead us to correct decisions, contrary to the theories advanced by the pessimists. c. the pessimists underestimate our decision-making accuracy because of factors such as choosing questions that contradict people's schemas. d. the pessimists have typically sampled groups of people living in the community; in contrast, college students make statistically appropriate decisions.