Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. What type of brain waveforms did Duke display right before being awakened?

Within the information-processing theories of development, cognitive development is viewed in terms of changes in ___

a. mental representation b. strategy use c. memory d. all of the above

According to the article Boll ldface Letters about children's attributions for their own behavior, children who will not try new things because they expect to fail are showing signs of:

(a) abusive punishment at home (b) low intellectual ability (c) shyness, which probably has a genetic component (d) learned helplessness