Psychologist Edward Tolman demonstrated that rats would learn to complete a maze in a shorter period of time, but only when they had an incentive to do so. This is known as __________ learning

A large cross-sectional study (Ryff, 1995) examined individuals from adolescence to individuals in their 70s. Which of the following is true up until individuals are in their 50s?

a. self-acceptance increased b. autonomy decreased c. environmental mastery decreased d. self-doubt increased

Professor Solomon is investigating the differencesbetween bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Based on the criteria in DSM-5, what will she conclude?

a. There is at least one manic episode in bipolar II, but not in bipolar I. b. A diagnosis of Bipolar II does not need a depressive episode. c. A diagnosis of Bipolar I may include psychotic symptoms. d. There are no clear differences between the two disorders.