Which of the following about Japanese environmental politics is NOT true?

a. The Four Great Pollution Trials led to the enactment of stiff anti-pollution laws, which have not been wholly successful.
b. Since the 1990s, public attention has generally shifted away from environmental issues.
c. One reason Japan turned to nuclear power was because it was seen as a reliable and affordable source of energy.
d. Since the Fukushima nuclear disaster, all of Japan's nuclear reactors have been taken offline.
e. Japan has not signed the Kyoto Protocol, which attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions around the world.

e