When a change in the dependent variable could be due to the participant's expectation that change will occur, __________ is a threat to internal validity

Pressure on countries to adopt market economies, which include privatization of state-owned economic activities, was widely regarded as a necessary step toward

A) socialism. B) democratization. C) Americanization. D) totalitarianism.

Which of the following statements is true of a general election?

A. It is used to fill sudden vacancies that occur by reason of death. B. It is carried out to elect the governors of states. C. It is held by the Senate to decide an issue before an upcoming special election. D. It is a regularly scheduled election held in even-numbered years. E. It is scheduled in an emergency situation to fill federal vacancies that occur by reason of resignations.