Means by which the securities markets serve to mitigate principal-agent or information asymmetry problems include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Management realizes that its reputation with investors is valuable, and can be sustained only if accurate information is provided on a timely basis.
b. Various market mechanisms exist to discipline a firm's management, and thus to mitigate conflicts of interest between management and shareholders. One of the most powerful is the threat of a hostile takeover of the firm, after which management is fired.
c. Exchanges such as the NYSE regularly publish lists of firms that appear to be overvalued because their management is poor.

C

Business

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____ means that people feel they are being effective and making a positive contribution

a. Positive-efficacy c. Self-efficacy b. Self-control d. Self-confidence

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The death toll from the 2005 blast at the British-based BP oil refinery in Texas City was 15 . The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB), one of several agencies that examined the causes of the blast, said internal BP documents show that when BP acquired the refinery, it ordered an immediate 25 percent cut in fixed costs at its refineries without specifying how the cuts were

to be made. Managers at the refinery let safety standards decline to meet this goal. A ______ approach to control would have minimized the possibility of suboptimization. a. benchmarking b. customer churn c. balanced scorecard d. customer defection e. financial ratio analysis

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