Critics of formal planning systems argue that we live in a world in which uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity dominate, and in which small chance events can have a large and unpredictable impact on outcomes

Each of the following is a type of incentive program, EXCEPT which one?

A. Workers' compensation insurance B. Pay for performance (or variable pay) C. Merit salary systems D. Profit-sharing plans

A firm plans to use a defensive core strategy of protect position, with the strategic objective of maintaining profits. Which of the following strategies is the firm most likely to implement as a part of its core strategy?

A) build customer retention B) enter new related markets C) harvest for cash flow D) divest for cash flow E) develop new markets