Who was responsible for codifying the distinction among painters between a scholar-amateur and an academic-professional?

According to French philosopher Auguste Comte, society passes through what three stages on its quest for knowledge?

a. rural, urban, and suburban b. theological, metaphysical, and positive c. mythological, religious, and scientific d. superstitious, religious, and enlightened

How did Arthur Schopenhauer view humanity?

A) ?as the manifestation of God on Earth B) ?as naturally creative and altruistic C) ?as inherently selfish and irrational D) ?as a bridge between the material world and the world of ideas