Who is the first modern president by virtue of taking on a major role in the decision-making process?

Which of the following could be considered "swaggering"?

a. the 2003 invasion of Iraq b. North Korea's military parades and missile tests c. the use of chemical weapons in World War I d. engaging in war games near contested territory

The rise of which media format enabled individuals to more easily tune out of politics and ignore messages from the president or other politicians?

a. mass-market paperbacks  b. radio  c. network television  d. the Internet